#5: As We Reopen: Coronavirus Risks We Should Understand in order to Better Protect Ourselves

(For much-more information about this blog, see the home page at https://reasonbasedfaith.com/.)

This is not a normal post for me. In normal posts, I discuss evidences and reasons for God and (at times) aspects of my journey from atheism to biblical theism. Not in this post!

Why? I found some vital information on the Internet about Coronavirus risks and situations to avoid. Initially, I had planned on putting this information into a different post, but I’ve come to realize that this information is SO vital—it could literally mean the difference between life and death for some people who read and apply this information—that I’ve decided to rush this into its final form and post it on the Internet as soon as possible. If this information can save even ONE life, this rush to publish (on the Internet) is worth it! (This has taken over a month since my last post because I spent much time working on “Overcoming the Fear of Death …”)

Therefore, this post is only about the Coronavirus pandemic. I feel that I should post what I’ve got NOW, rather than include this in a longer post later.

1. About the droplets and mask-wearing

I’m interrupting my original post and adding these “mask-wearing” sections (1, 1.3, & 1.7) months later because the basic reason for mask-wearing has (apparently) not been explained to or clearly understood by a significant portion of the population. This basic reason is simple to understand if it’s well-explained.

Every medical doctor I’ve heard speak on this subject has agreed that the main way COVID-19 spreads is through respiratory droplets (i.e. tiny droplets coming out of one’s mouth, emitted by breathing, speaking, sneezing, or coughing). Small numbers of droplets are emitted by breathing, more by speaking, and HUGE numbers of droplets are emitted by sneezing or coughing. (I’m summarizing Professor Bromage’s many paragraphs, from https://www.erinbromage.com/post/the-risks-know-them-avoid-them.)

1.3. Under bright lights

A number of years ago, I had the opportunity of hearing someone speak under bright lights (and from a side view) in an auditorium. I was amazed! Under the lights, I could see that, as he spoke loudly and vigorously, HE WAS SPITTING EVERYWHERE! Respiratory droplets were being propelled out of his mouth with significant force—the droplets were spraying all around him! Those droplets EASILY sprayed out more than 6 feet! Those sitting closest to him EASILY received (at least) a few of these droplets! (We spit out a few droplets occasionally by speaking normally—I’ve observed this—but by LOUD and VIGOROUS speaking, we forcefully propel many droplets.)

If someone is infected with COVID, these droplets are thought to be the primary means of transmitting the virus to a person nearby. Each tiny droplet from an infected person contains numerous viral particles. Under the bright lights, I observed only the comparatively-large droplets; there were probably MANY tiny ones that I couldn’t see. (Cf. https://www.erinbromage.com/post/the-risks-know-them-avoid-them; https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prepare/prevention.html; https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/coronavirus-covid-19-and-medical-devices/face-masks-including-surgical-masks-and-respirators-covid-19)

From an infected person, some droplets fall to the ground or floor, but other, smaller droplets and the viral particles in them can hang in the air and circulate, even from one side of a room to the other side, over a period of minutes. If an infected person coughs or sneezes, the additional force of that cough or sneeze can propel droplets and viral particles across the room in SECONDS!! (Cf. https://www.erinbromage.com/post/the-risks-know-them-avoid-them)

1.7. What do masks do?

Therefore, since the COVID-19 virus is spread by someone sneezing or coughing or speaking or (over a period of minutes) by breathing, if an infected person wears a mask, this will catch many or (depending on the quality of the mask) most of the droplets and thus greatly DECREASE the chance of ANOTHER person nearby catching COVID.

This is just simple physics: when YOU wear a mask, you (to some degree) protect OTHERS (in case you happen to be infected); when others wear masks, they (to some degree) protect YOU (in case one or more of them happen to be infected).

Wearing a mask catches many or most of the droplets propelled out of a person’s mouth, and if that person is infected, his or her mask will (to some degree) protect YOU by catching many or most of THEIR droplets, each of which would contain numerous viral particles. This is why masks work to diminish the rate of transmission of COVID.

We will now return to my original post.

2. Professor Bromage and his post

This information, to a great extent, comes from a blog post by Dr. Erin Bromage, associate professor of biology at the University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth. His post has “gone viral” online; it has been read by many thousands of people across the world. (But many others probably have NOT read it.)

To his information I’ve added some more-commonly-known facts about the spread of COVID-19 from other sources that I wrote about in my last post, in order to provide the best advice I can, particularly to those in the USA, who are starting to experience (in Professor Bromage’s opinion) a possibly-premature reopening of businesses, resulting in a possible increase of “viral fire”—a possible increase in the Coronavirus’ activity and (presumably) of our risk of being infected. (https://www.erinbromage.com/post/the-risks-know-them-avoid-them)

Thus, according to the Professor, the risk of being infected by the Coronavirus will quite possibly INCREASE over the coming weeks and months, as we reopen. What he writes makes crystal-clear sense logically; I believe the Professor is using sound judgment.

2.5. The Professor’s perspective on the reopening

Professor Bromage began his post by observing that, “It seems many people are breathing some relief, and I’m not sure why. An epidemic curve has a relatively predictable upslope and once the peak is reached, the back slope can also be predicted. We have robust data from the outbreaks in China and Italy that shows the backside of the mortality curve declines slowly, with deaths persisting for months. Assuming we have just crested in deaths at 70,000, it is possible that we lose another 70,000 people over the next 6 weeks as we come off that peak. That’s what’s going to happen with a lockdown.”

He continued: “As states reopen, and we give the virus more fuel, all bets are off. I understand the reasons for reopening the economy, but I’ve said before, if you don’t solve the biology, the economy won’t recover.”

Continuing (he updated his post on May 13th): “There are very few states that have demonstrated a sustained decline in numbers of new infections. Indeed, as of May 3rd the majority are still increasing and reopening. As a simple example of the USA trend, when you take out the data from New York and just look at the rest of the USA, daily case numbers are increasing. Bottom line: the only reason the total USA new case numbers look flat right now is because the New York City epidemic was so large and now it is being contained.”

Concluding his introduction: “So throughout most of the country we are going to add fuel to the viral fire by reopening. It’s going to happen if I like it or not, so my goal here is to try to guide you away from situations of high risk.” (https://www.erinbromage.com/post/the-risks-know-them-avoid-them; I changed some of his text to bold.)

3. My comments on the Professor’s thoughts

I think the scenario that the Professor painted is entirely plausible: I think it’s possible—but it remains to be seen—that the reopening of businesses in the USA is premature. IF EVERYONE CONSISTENTLY OBSERVES THE PROPER PRECAUTIONS (mask-wearing, social distancing, and frequent hand washing), THE REOPENING MAY WORK—i.e. without generating a new wave of Coronavirus infections. (The reopening in the U.S. began May 18th.)

What I’m concerned about is those who are foolish—a hopefully-small percentage of the population—who won’t consistently observe the proper precautions. I hope that THEY don’t bring about a second wave of Coronavirus infections.

Scripture has some verses that are pertinent here, such as Romans 13:1a: “Let every person be loyally subject to the governing (civil) authorities.” (Amplified Bible Classic Edition) And Luke 14:11: “…everyone who exalts himself will be humbled, and he who humbles himself will be exalted.” (English Standard Version)

These verses pertain here, in that those who foolishly exalt themselves above the civil authorities (such as by refusing to follow the proper precautions) will be humbled, but those who humble themselves (such as by consistently following the proper precautions) will be exalted (such as by being enabled to survive this pandemic).

3.3. A house of worship can be safe

Since I’m a Christian, I feel that I should mention, about this reopening, that a house of worship can be safe if it opens with limited seating allowed, in order to observe social distancing—keeping everyone 6 feet or 2 meters apart. (Multiple services can be offered if necessary.) It would also be ideal if doors and windows could be opened wide, in order to provide the best possible circulation of air. (We’re coming into summer in the northern hemisphere.) And yes, every congregant or attendee should wear a face mask. We won’t love our neighbor if we carelessly allow him or her to become infected!

3.7. Drive-thru prayer and The Bridge

Also, in this pandemic, I suggest that houses of worship, in addition to hearing prayer requests online, offer the service of “drive-thru prayer,” in which a person in his/her car can drive through the parking lot of that house of worship and, at a designated spot, he/she can stop their car, roll their window down 2 inches (about 5 centimeters). A pastor/priest/rabbi (or an elder or believer so appointed), wearing a face mask and standing at least 6 feet or 2 meters from the car, will hear the prayer request and then pray a sincere, heartfelt prayer in response (in a normal tone of voice, without yelling).

Among other houses of worship, Calvary Chapel of Old Bridge, New Jersey, USA offers this service. (https://www.ccob.org/ministry-events/2020/5/drive-thru-prayer)

By the way, in general, I recommend the group of radio stations this church started—The Bridge Christian Radio: https://www.bridgeradio.org/program-guide-4/—click on the icon at the top right with the three little horizontal bars. They have a live online audio stream; there are numerous pastors who, in general, offer sound Bible teaching, in my opinion. (I can’t say that I agree with EVERY statement that EVERY pastor makes, but in general, I like them.) I especially like pastors Chuck Smith, Skip Heitzig, and Lloyd Pulley.

In this pandemic, houses of worship can also offer live biblical counseling via webcam.

4. What about business owners?

I know that many business owners will say, “I have to reopen in order to save my business. I have continuing expenses, whether my business is open or not!” This is understandable. When a business owner determines that he or she must reopen, if all employees consistently wear a mask, frequently wash their hands, and consistently observe proper social distancing—at least 6 feet (about 2 meters)—the reopening may well be successful; i.e. without promoting an increase in Coronavirus infections.

But in general, I agree with Professor Bromage: the Coronavirus won’t respond positively to our desire for this pandemic to be over OR to our reopening businesses! The virus only does what it’s biologically programmed to do—infect living organisms. The Coronavirus will seize any opportunity to infect humans. If we expose ourselves to the virus more by not observing the proper precautions, more of us will likely become infected.

To motivate us in this regard, the Professor then described in detail why certain situations are very risky in terms of spreading or potentially catching the virus.

5. Maintaining precautions in the home

One of the most-important points the Professor made was that the Coronavirus is most-commonly spread in the HOME, where people tend to let their guard down! THE HOME IS WHERE MOST PEOPLE GET INFECTED! Why? By an infected family member breathing and speaking for prolonged periods in an enclosed space (and especially by him/her coughing or sneezing) OR by that person touching surfaces, the virus is easily transferred. (For example, if another family member touches these same surfaces and then touches their eyes, nostrils, or mouth without washing their hands, he/she may become infected, depending on the viral load.)

Thus, mask-wearing, social distancing, and frequent handwashing should be observed, even in one’s own home and among one’s own family members! Professor Bromage wrote: “We know most people get infected in their own home. A household member contracts the virus in the community and brings it into the house where sustained contact between household members leads to infection.” (https://www.erinbromage.com/post/the-risks-know-them-avoid-them)

The reason for this spread is that viral particles can be expelled by sneezing, coughing, speaking, or even (to a lesser degree) by breathing. Those viral particles can hang in the air and circulate, even from one side of a room to the other side, over a period of minutes! If an infected person coughs or sneezes, the additional force of that cough or sneeze can propel droplets and viral particles across the room in SECONDS!! (Cf. Ibid; https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prepare/prevention.html)

Therefore, the longer the time of exposure (especially indoors) that you have to an infected person not wearing a mask, the greater the chance that YOU may inhale viral particles and become infected.

6. More details

The best guess of scientists is that infection can occur by receiving as few as one thousand viral particles. The Professor explained, “In order to get infected you need to get exposed to an infectious dose of the virus; based on infectious dose studies with MERS and SARS (and this one), some estimate that as few as 1,000 SARS-CoV2 viral particles are needed for an infection to take hold. Please note, this still needs to be determined experimentally, but we can use that number to demonstrate how infection can occur.”

Continuing: “Infection could occur through one thousand viral particles you receive in one breath or from one eye-rub, or one hundred viral particles inhaled with each breath over ten breaths, or ten viral particles with one hundred breaths. Each of these situations can lead to an infection.” (https://www.erinbromage.com/post/the-risks-know-them-avoid-them) This is HOW prolonged exposure to someone not wearing a mask (even in your own home) can transfer the virus!

The Professor calculated that, if you’re an infected person, then “…anyone you spend greater than ten minutes with in a face-to-face situation is potentially infected. Anyone who shares a space with you (say an office) for an extended period is potentially infected. This is also why it is critical for people who are symptomatic to stay home. Your sneezes and your coughs expel so much virus that you can infect a whole room of people.” (Ibid.)

Worse yet is someone sneezing or coughing directly AT you. A sneeze or cough can potentially release MILLIONS of viral particles! The Professor wrote: “So if you are face-to-face with a person, having a conversation, and that person sneezes or coughs straight at you, it’s pretty easy to see how it is possible to inhale one thousand virus particles and become infected. But even if that cough or sneeze was not directed at you, some infected droplets–the smallest of small–can hang in the air for a few minutes, filling every corner of a modest sized room with infectious viral particles. All you have to do is enter that room within a few minutes of the cough/sneeze and take a few breaths and you have potentially received enough virus to establish an infection.” (Ibid.)

A reader might say in response to all of this: “Wow! This is awful! I guess I’ll have to stay in my bedroom and NEVER COME OUT!”

No, no—it’s not THAT awful! The key is that, if EVERYONE observes the proper precautions, then EVERYONE can be reasonably safe and function in the home or at a business. The only problem that might arise is from a comparatively-few rebels who are careless. Avoid them.

7. Commenting on the above photo and mask-wearing

Mask-wearing is an essential measure, even when we’re in our own home and around other family members. The only time we DON’T need to wear a mask is when we’re in our own private room or rooms, with no one else present. If everyone near anyone wears a mask consistently, and if we engage in frequent hand washing and consistent social distancing, we can then reasonably expect “V for victory” over the virus, as the woman in the photo indicates.

Our mask-wearing protects others; their mask-wearing protects us. We could still inhale viral particles while wearing a mask, especially indoors when an infected person not wearing a mask coughs or sneezes—avoid such situations. Run away from them!

Note: a cloth (cheap) mask won’t protect you if the air around you has been saturated with viral particles. You still have to breathe, and viral particles suspended in the air can both go around and through a cloth mask. (The viral load would depend on the amount of time breathing in such an environment. N95 masks are best.)

It’s therefore up to us to avoid being close to or in a room with someone not wearing a mask, even at home. With an infected person, the mask catches respiratory droplets containing the viral particles; it protects others in the room and near him/her. The one that wears the mask (if he/she happens to be infected) protects others. (Cf. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prepare/prevention.html) If well-used, masks should ideally be changed once a day.

Of course, we can’t know without testing who is infected and who isn’t. Cf. Helpful Information in Understanding SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19; https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prepare/transmission.html; Understanding the Coronavirus (COVID-19).

8. Other considerations

About touching surfaces in your home, the Professor wrote: “Bathrooms have a lot of high touch surfaces, door handles, faucets, stall doors. So fomite transfer risk in this environment can be high. … Treat public bathrooms with extra caution (surface and air), until we know more about the risk.” “Fomite” refers to “…any inanimate object (as a towel or money or clothing or dishes or books or toys etc.) that can transmit infectious agents from one person to another.” (WordNet 3.0, 2012, Princeton University; Farlex Inc.)

Wearing a surgical or an N95 mask is ideal; wearing a cloth mask offers some protection, but according to the Mayo Clinic, “…wearing a cloth face mask will lose any value unless it’s combined with frequent hand-washing and social distancing.” Therefore, uninfected or infected individuals who wear cloth masks can still receive or transmit the virus if he/she does not wash his/her hands frequently and observe social distancing. For example, if you shake hands with an infected person and then, without washing your hands,touch your eyes, nostrils, or mouth, you can potentially become infected with the virus, depending on the viral load—the number of viral particles that get into the blood or plasma of one’s body. (What is viral load and why are so many health workers getting sick?How the AMOUNT of the coronavirus you get infected with could decide whether you suffer mild or severe symptoms)

As to asymptomatic transfer, Professor Bromage wrote: “Symptomatic people are not the only way the virus is shed. We know that at least 44% of all infections–and the majority of community-acquired transmissions–occur from people without any symptoms (asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic people). You can be shedding the virus into the environment for up to 5 days before symptoms begin.” (https://www.erinbromage.com/post/the-risks-know-them-avoid-them)

9. Possibly-dangerous situations 1

The Professor had more to say, this time about specific situations: “So now let’s get to the crux of it. Where are the personal dangers from reopening? … Ignoring the terrible outbreaks in nursing homes, we find that the biggest outbreaks are in prisons, religious ceremonies, and workplaces, such as meat packing facilities and call centers. Any environment that is enclosed, with poor air circulation and high density of people, spells trouble.” (Ibid.)

For example, meat-processing facilities: “In meat processing plants, densely packed workers must communicate to one another amidst the deafening drum of industrial machinery and a cold-room virus-preserving environment. There are now outbreaks in 115 facilities across 23 states, 5000+ workers infected, with 20 dead.” (Ibid.)

Restaurants: the Professor referred to an already-observed situation: “The infected person (A1) sat at a table and had dinner with 9 friends. Dinner took about 1 to 1.5 hours. During this meal, the asymptomatic carrier released low-levels of virus into the air from their breathing. Airflow (from the restaurant’s various airflow vents) was from right to left. Approximately 50% of the people at the infected person’s table became sick over the next 7 days. 75% of the people on the adjacent downwind table became infected. And even 2 of the 7 people on the upwind table were infected (believed to happen by turbulent airflow). … (Ref)” (https://www.erinbromage.com/post/the-risks-know-them-avoid-them)

Workplaces: the Professor referred to an outbreak in a call center: “A single infected employee came to work on the 11th floor of a building. That floor had 216 employees. Over the period of a week, 94 of those people became infected (43.5%: the blue chairs). 92 of those 94 people became sick (only 2 remained asymptomatic). … It serves to highlight that being in an enclosed space, sharing the same air for a prolonged period increases your chances of exposure and infection. … (Ref)” (https://www.erinbromage.com/post/the-risks-know-them-avoid-them)

A choir: the Professor described a church choir rehearsal in Washington State: “Even though people were aware of the virus and took steps to minimize transfer; e.g. they avoided the usual handshakes and hugs hello, people also brought their own music to avoid sharing, and socially distanced themselves during practice. A single asymptomatic carrier infected most of the people in attendance. The choir sang for 2 1/2 hours, inside an enclosed church which was roughly the size of a volleyball court.”

Continuing: “Singing, to a greater degree than talking, aerosolizes respiratory droplets extraordinarily well. Deep-breathing while singing facilitated those respiratory droplets getting deep into the lungs. Two and half hours of exposure ensured that people were exposed to enough virus over a long enough period of time for infection to take place. Over a period of 4 days, 45 of the 60 choir members developed symptoms, 2 died. The youngest infected was 31, but they averaged 67 years old. (Corrected link)” (https://www.erinbromage.com/post/the-risks-know-them-avoid-them)

10. Possibly-dangerous situations 2

Indoor sports: the Professor: “While this may be uniquely Canadian, a super spreading event occurred during a curling event in Canada. A curling event with 72 attendees became another hotspot for transmission. Curling brings contestants and teammates in close contact in a cool indoor environment, with heavy breathing for an extended period. This tournament resulted in 24 of the 72 people becoming infected. (Ref)” (https://www.erinbromage.com/post/the-risks-know-them-avoid-them)

Birthday parties and funerals: the Professor: “Just to see how simple infection-chains can be, this is a real story from Chicago. The name is fake. Bob was infected but didn’t know. Bob shared a takeout meal, served from common serving dishes, with 2 family members. The dinner lasted 3 hours. The next day, Bob attended a funeral, hugging family members and others in attendance to express condolences.”

Continuing: “Within 4 days, both family members who shared the meal are sick. A third family member, who hugged Bob at the funeral became sick. But Bob wasn’t done. Bob attended a birthday party with 9 other people. They hugged and shared food at the 3 hour party. Seven of those people became ill. Over the next few days Bob became sick, he was hospitalized, ventilated, and died.”

Continuing: “But Bob’s legacy lived on. Three of the people Bob infected at the birthday went to church, where they sang, passed the tithing dish etc. Members of that church became sick. In all, Bob was directly responsible for infecting 16 people between the ages of 5 and 86. Three of those 16 died. … (Ref)” (https://www.erinbromage.com/post/the-risks-know-them-avoid-them)

The Professor wrote in summary about these situations: “All these infection events were indoors, with people closely-spaced, with lots of talking, singing, or yelling. The main sources for infection are home, workplace, public transport, social gatherings, and restaurants. This accounts for 90% of all transmission events. … (Ref) … The principle is viral exposure over an extended period of time. In all these cases, people were exposed to the virus in the air for a prolonged period (hours). Even if they were 50 feet away (choir or call center), even a low dose of the virus in the air reaching them, over a sustained period, was enough to cause infection and in some cases, death.” (https://www.erinbromage.com/post/the-risks-know-them-avoid-them)

11. A summary of points

About social distancing, the Professor observed: “Social distancing rules are really to protect you with brief exposures or outdoor exposures. In these situations there is not enough time to achieve the infectious viral load when you are standing 6 feet apart or where wind and the infinite outdoor space for viral dilution reduces viral load.” (Ibid.)

About shopping: “…for a person shopping: the low density, high air volume of the store, along with the restricted time you spend in the store, means that the opportunity to receive an infectious dose is low. But, for the store worker, the extended time they spend in the store provides a greater opportunity to receive the infectious dose and therefore the job becomes more risky.” (Ibid.)

About outside exposure: “If I am outside, and I walk past someone, remember it is ‘dose and time’ needed for infection. You would have to be in their airstream for 5+ minutes for a chance of infection. While joggers may be releasing more virus due to deep breathing, remember the exposure time is also less due to their speed. Please do maintain physical distance, but the risk of infection in these scenarios are low.” (Ibid.)

Other summarized points are:

• The Coronavirus is most-commonly spread in the HOME, where people tend to let their guard down! THE HOME IS WHERE MOST PEOPLE GET INFECTED!
• Everyone should be careful to maintain the proper precautions (mask-wearing, social distancing, and frequent hand washing) IN THE HOME!
• Everyone near anyone should wear a mask, until this pandemic is CLEARLY dead and gone, not just hopefully dead and gone.
• Even babies should wear masks when around people, though not for prolonged periods. I do NOT recommend that babies wear masks for prolonged periods because of the REAL possibility of suffocation. Cf. Soft bedding top cause of suffocation death for sleeping babies in U.S.
• Consistently observe social distancing: everyone should stay at least six feet apart. This diminishes the possibility that viral particles from an infected person (emitted in small numbers around or through a cloth mask) will be inhaled by a second person in that vicinity.
• Stay much MORE than 6 feet apart from anyone NOT wearing a mask! An infected person can expel MILLIONS of viral particles, especially through coughing or sneezing. Run away if necessary; your life may depend on it!
• Do not spend ANY time indoors with someone NOT wearing a mask! If that person is infected, and if he/she has spent HOURS inside that house or home, much of the air may contain thousands—if not MILLIONS—of viral particles! Run outside immediately! Make arrangements to stay elsewhere.
• Wash one’s hands or use hand sanitizer after touching anything that’s been touched by another person (objects, money, door handles, etcetera).
• After touching something that’s been touched by someone else, NEVER touch your eyes, nostrils, or mouth without carefully washing your hands first.

12. Good videos

There’s an outstanding testimony from a former atheist; this is one of the best testimonies I’ve ever heard!

I’ve become extremely impressed with the testimonies at https://imetmessiah.com/

• Andrew Klavan’s excellent Jewish testimony; he never felt Jewish UNTIL he met Jesus!
• Jewish Dr. Stuart Dauermann found Jesus to be the door to real Jewish life!
• Jewish Dr. Michael Brown’s powerful testimony

Many more Jewish testimonies are at https://imetmessiah.com/ or at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ARO7ZaeT1E&list=PLChUvnbgjRrwJ3sH0Gp06nlSGcWeM0Oj7&index=2&t=0s

• Muslim woman comes to Christ: Heba’s story
• Who is responsible for evil? By Ravi Zacharias and Os Guinness
• How could an all-powerful, all-loving God allow evil to exist? By Ravi Zacharias

• The Evidence for Christianity by Dr. Craig: this video is an excellent summary of a scholarly perspective on certain evidences
• Five arguments for God’s existence by Dr. Craig
• Five reasons why you can believe God exists with Dr. Craig
• Dr. Craig refuting atheist Coronavirus memes
• Where is God in a Coronavirus World? By Oxford Professor John Lennox
• Another interview by Oxford University Professor John Lennox on his book, Where Is God in a Coronavirus World?
• God and the Coronavirus by Dr. Skip Heitzig
• The Quarantined Life by Dr. Skip Heitzig
• If God, why the Coronavirus? With Dr. Vince Vitale
• Are There Objective Truths about God? Part 2, by Dr. Craig
• An Empirical Argument for Intelligent Design by Dr. Michael Behe, biochemist
• The Kalam Cosmological Argument by Dr. Craig at Georgia Tech
• Dr. Craig on the historical Jesus
• Ravi Zacharias and Abdu Murray at the University of Michigan
• An astronomer’s quest by Dr. Hugh Ross
• Orphan genes puzzle by Dr. Paul Nelson
• Is there any credible evidence for God outside of the Bible? With Abdu Murray
• The existence of God by Ravi Zacharias
• What about those who don’t believe in God? By Ravi Zacharias
• Ravi at Princeton University – Why I’m not an atheist
• University of Kentucky: Life’s Four Bug Questions Q&A with Ravi Zacharias and Abdu Murray
• Was the Resurrection a Hoax? With Dr. Vince Vitale 
• University of Florida Open Forum with Ravi Zacharias and Vince Vitale
• Open Forum and Q&A at the University of Pittsburgh with Ravi Zacharias 
• Is the existence of God necessary for objective human dignity? With Abdu Murray
• Skeptics Night Q&A with Abdu Murray
• Skeptics Welcome with Abdu Murray